| Chapter 1 text | In this chapter, we introduce all fundamental concepts associated with circuit analysis. Electrical circuits are constructed in order to direct the flow of electrons to perform a specific task. In other words, in circuit analysis and design, we are concerned with transferring electrical energy in order to accomplish a desired objective. | ||||
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| Lecture 1 video | Lecture 1 slides | Course overview, basic circuit parameters, passive sign convention | |||
| Lecture 2 video | Lecture 2 slides | Power generation & absorption, power sources, resistance | |||
| Lecture 3 video | Lecture 3 slides | Review, Kirchoff's current law, Kirchoff's voltage law | |||
| Lecture 4 video | Lecture 4 slides | Circuit analysis examples, series & parallel circuit elements | |||
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| Lab 1 video 1 | DMM Usage: Measuring voltage, current, and resistance using a hand-held digital multimeter. Using breadboards to implement circuits | ||||
| Lab 1 video 2 | Resistors 1: Physical resistors. Nominal resistance values from color codes. Resistance measurement using ohmeters or measured voltage and current. | ||||
| Lab 1 video 3 | Dependent Sources: MOSFETs and BJTs as dependent sources. |
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| Lab 1 video 4 | Applications: Concept applications: dusk-to-dawn light and temperature
measurement. |
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| Lab 1.1 | 1.1 worksheet | Solderless Breadboards, Open-circuits and Short-circuits | |||
| Lab 1.2.1 | 1.2.1 worksheet | Independent Power Supplies, Ammeters, and Voltmeters | |||
| Lab 1.2.2 | 1.2.2 worksheet | Dependent Sources and MOSFETs | |||
| Lab 1.3.1 | 1.3.1 worksheet | Resistors and Ohms Law - Resistance Variations | |||
| Lab 1.3.2 | 1.3.2 worksheet | Resistors and Ohms Law - Voltage-Current Characteristics | |||
| Lab 1.4.1 | 1.4.1 worksheet | Dusk-to-Dawn Light | |||
| Lab 1.4.2 | 1.4.2 worksheet | Resistive Network Power Dissipation | |||
| Lab 1.4.3 | 1.4.3 worksheet | Input Resistance | |||
| Lab 1.4.4 | 1.4.4 worksheet | Temperature Measurement System | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 1 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 1 homework problems | ||||
| Background 1 | Background material for lab 1.4.4: Resistive Temperature Sensors | ||||
Real Analog - Circuits 1
"Real Analog" is a comprehensive collection of free educational materials that seamlessly blend hands-on design projects with theoretical concepts and circuit analysis techniques. Developed for university "Circuits" classes by practicing engineers and experienced educators, Real Analog is centered on a newly-written 12-chapter textbook and features:
- More than 40 video lectures that follow the text, each with downloadable lecture notes
- Exercises designed to reinforce textbook and lecture topics
- Homework assignments for every chapter
- Multiple design projects that reinforce and extend theoretical concepts
- Worksheets and videos to help students complete design projects outside of the lab.
Design projects use Digilent's Analog Discovery and Analog Parts Kit that together include everything needed to build and test a wide variety of analog circuits - the Analog Discovery includes a dual-channel oscilloscope, waveform generator, power supplies, digital I/O channels and more, and the Analog Parts Kit includes a breadboard, jumper wires, more than 20 integrated circuits from Analog Devices, and a wide variety of sensors, resistors, capacitors, discrete semiconductors, and other components.
Real Analog, the Analog Discovery and Analog Parts Kit form the core of a world-class engineering educational program that can be used by themselves or in support of existing curricular materials. Students with their own design kits learn more, learn faster, retain information longer, and have a more enjoyable experience - now every student can take charge of their education for less than the cost of a textbook!
Note: To see the previous version of Circuits 1 for the Electronics Explorer, click here.
Chapter 1: Circuit Analysis Fundamentals
| Chapter 2 text | In this chapter, we introduce analysis methods based on circuit reduction. Circuit reduction consists of combining resistances in a circuit to a smaller number of resistors, which are (in some sense) equivalent to the original resistive network. Reducing the number of resistors, of course, reduces the number of unknowns in a circuit. | ||||
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| Lecture 5 video | Lecture 5 slides | Circuit reduction | |||
| Lecture 6 video | Lecture 6 slides | Circuit reduction examples, practical application: temperature measurement | |||
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| Lab 2 video 1 | Potentiometers: Variable resistors |
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| Lab 2 video 2 | Resistors 2: Resistance of networks of resistors. Using time-varying voltage sources to plot voltage-current characteristics of resistors. | ||||
| Lab 2 video 3 | Non-ideal effects: Non-ideal voltage sources and voltage measurements.
Analog Discovery power supply limitations. |
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| Lab 2.1.1 | 2.1.1 worksheet | Temperature Measurement System | |||
| Lab 2.3.1 | 2.3.1 worksheet | Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction | |||
| Lab 2.3.2 | 2.3.2 worksheet | Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction | |||
| Lab 2.4 | 2.4 worksheet | Non-Ideal Power Sources | |||
| Lab 2.5 | 2.5 worksheet | Practical Voltage and Current Measurement | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 2 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 2 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 3: Nodal and Mesh Analysis
| Chapter 3 text | In cases where circuit reduction is not feasible, approaches are still available to reduce the total number of unknowns in the system. Nodal analysis and mesh analysis are two of these. | ||||
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| Lecture 7 video | Lecture 7 slides | Overview of nodal & mesh analysis, nodal analysis | |||
| Lecture 8 video | Lecture 8 slides | Mesh analysis | |||
| Lecture 9 video | Lecture 9 slides | Constrained loops, additional mesh analysis examples | |||
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| Lab 3 video | Nodal and Mesh Analysis: Analysis and implementation of circuits with
multiple sources. Using multiple sources on the Analog Discovery to create sources outside
its nominal +/- 5V range. |
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| Lab 3.2.1 | 3.2.1 worksheet | Nodal Analysis | |||
| Lab 3.2.2 | 3.2.2 worksheet | Nodal Analysis | |||
| Lab 3.2.3 | 3.2.3 worksheet | Nodal Analysis | |||
| Lab 3.3.1 | 3.3.1 worksheet | Mesh Analysis | |||
| Lab 3.3.2 | 3.3.2 worksheet | Mesh Analysis | |||
| Lab 3.3.3 | 3.3.3 worksheet | Mesh Analysis | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 3 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 3 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 4: Systems and Network Theorems
| Chapter 4 text | In this chapter, we introduce the concept of a systems level approach to circuit analysis. In this type of approach, we represent the circuit as a system with some inputs and outputs. We then characterize the system by the mathematical relationship between the system inputs and the system outputs. This relationship is called the input-output relation for the system. | ||||
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| Lecture 10 video | Lecture 10 slides | Linear systems and superposition, Thévenin and Norton's Theorems | |||
| Lecture 11 video | Lecture 11 slides | Thévenin and Norton's Theorems & examples, source transformations, maximum power transfer | |||
| Lecture 12a video | Lecture 12a slides | Derivation of maximum power transfer, Thévenin theorem examples, operational amplifiers | |||
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| Lab 4 video 1 | Superposition: Validation of superposition in cases of (a) multiple discrete sources, and (b) single sources with multiple components. | ||||
| Lab 4 video 2 | Two-Terminal Networks : Measuring voltage-current characteristics of two-terminal networks. Measurement techniques used are introduced in Resistors I and Resistors II videos. | ||||
| Lab 4 video 3 | Thevenin's theorem: Experimental validation of Thevenin's theorem.
Measurement techniques used are introduced in Resistors I and Resistors II videos. |
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| Lab 4.3.1 | 4.3.1 worksheet | Superposition | |||
| Lab 4.3.2 | 4.3.2 worksheet | Superposition | |||
| Lab 4.4.1 | 4.4.1 worksheet | Two-terminal Characteristics | |||
| Lab 4.5.1 | 4.5.1 worksheet | Thévenin's Theorem | |||
| Lab 4.6.1 | 4.6.1 worksheet | Maximum Power Transfer | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 4 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 4 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 5: Operational Amplifiers
| Chapter 5 text | Operational amplifiers (commonly abbreviated as op-amps) are extremely useful electronic devices. Some argue, in fact, that operational amplifiers are the single most useful integrated circuit in analog circuit design. Operational amplifier-based circuits are commonly used for signal conditioning, performing mathematical operations, and buffering. | ||||
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| Lecture 12b video | Lecture 12b slides | Derivation of maximum power transfer, Thévenin theorem examples, operational amplifiers | |||
| Lecture 13 video | Lecture 13 slides | Operational amplifier examples, dependent Sources | |||
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| Lab 5 video | Operational amplifiers: Constructing operational amplifier based circuits. | ||||
| Lab 5.4.1 | 5.4.1 worksheet | Inverting Voltage Amplifier | |||
| Lab 5.4.2 | 5.4.2 worksheet | Summing Amplifier | |||
| Lab 5.4.3 | 5.4.3 worksheet | Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier | |||
| Lab 5.4.4 | 5.4.4 worksheet | Difference Amplifier | |||
| Lab 5.4.5 | 5.4.5 worksheet | Temperature Measurement System Design | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 5 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 5 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 6: Energy Storage Elements
| Chapter 6 text | This chapter begins with an overview of the basic concepts associated with energy storage. This discussion focuses not on electrical systems, but instead introduces the topic qualitatively in the context of systems with which the reader is already familiar. The goal is to provide a basis for the mathematics, which will be introduced subsequently. | ||||
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| Lecture 14 video | Lecture 14 slides | Introduction to dynamic systems, basic time-varying signals | |||
| Lecture 15 video | Lecture 15 slides | Capacitors | |||
| Lecture 16a video | Lecture 16a slides | Inductors, introduction to first-order circuits, RC circuit natural response | |||
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| Lab 6 video 1 | Physical inductors and capacitors: Inductor and capacitor construction. Nominal capacitance and inductance values from part labels. Electrolytic capacitors. | ||||
| Lab 6 video 2 | Capacitor voltage-current relations: Measuring voltage-current relations for capacitors. Non-ideal effects: leakage currents. | ||||
| Lab 6 video 3 | Inductor V-C Relations: Measuring voltage-current relations for
inductors. Non-ideal effects: inductor resistance. |
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| Lab 6.2.1 | 6.2.1 worksheet | Time-varying Signals | |||
| Lab 6.3.1 | 6.3.1 worksheet | Capacitor Voltage-current Relations | |||
| Lab 6.3.2 | 6.3.2 worksheet | Leakage Currents and Electrolytic Capacitors | |||
| Lab 6.4.1 | 6.4.1 worksheet | Inductor Voltage-current Relations | |||
| Lab 6.4.2 | 6.4.2 worksheet | Non-ideal Inductor Effects | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 6 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 6 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 7: First Order Circuits
| Chapter 7 text | First order systems are, by definition, systems whose input-output relationship is a first order differential equation. A first order differential equation contains a first order derivative but no derivative higher than first order - the order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in the equation. | ||||
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| Lecture 16b video | Lecture 16b slides | Inductors, introduction to first-order circuits, RC circuit natural response | |||
| Lecture 17 video | Lecture 17 slides | RL circuit natural response, general first-order system natural response, first-order circuit examples | |||
| Lecture 18 video | Lecture 18 slides | Forced response of first-order circuits, active first-order system examples, step response of first-order circuits | |||
| Lecture 19 video | Lecture 19 slides | Steady-state response & DC gain, step response examples | |||
| Lecture 20a video | Lecture 20a slides | First-order circuit step response, introduction to second-order systems | |||
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| Lab 7 video 1 | RC Circuit Natural Response: We create an RC circuit natural response in two ways: by (1) converting the source to an open circuit and (2) converting the source to a short-circuit. | ||||
| Lab 7 video 2 | RC Circuit Forced Response: The step responses of both passive and active first-order RC circuits are measured. Loading effects on the two circuits are examined. | ||||
| Lab 7.2.1 | 7.2.1 worksheet | Passive RC Circuit Natural Response | |||
| Lab 7.3.1 | 7.3.1 worksheet | Passive RL Circuit Natural Response | |||
| Lab 7.4.1 | 7.4.1 worksheet | Inverting Differentiator | |||
| Lab 7.5.1 | 7.5.1 worksheet | Passive RC Circuit Step Response | |||
| Lab 7.5.2 | 7.5.2 worksheet | Passive RL Circuit Step Response | |||
| Lab 7.5.3 | 7.5.3 worksheet | Active RC Circuit Step Response | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 7 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 7 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 8: Second Order Circuits
| Chapter 8 text | Second order systems are, by definition, systems whose input-output relationship is a second order differential equation. A second order differential equation contains a second order derivative but no derivative higher than second order. | ||||
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| Lecture 20b video | Lecture 20b slides | First-order circuit step response, introduction to second-order systems | |||
| Lecture 21 video | Lecture 21 slides | Second-order circuit natural response, sinusoidal signals & complex exponentials | |||
| Lecture 22 video | Lecture 22 slides | Second-order system natural response, mathematical form of solutions, qualitative interpretation | |||
| Lecture 23 video | Lecture 23 slides | Second-order system step response, governing equation, mathematical expression, estimating step response, examples | |||
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| Lab 8 video 1 | Second Order Circuit Step Response: Measuring the step response of a
series RLC circuit. The measured peak value of the response is compared to analytical
expectations. |
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| Lab 8.5.1 | 8.5.1 worksheet | Series RLC Circuit Step Response | |||
| Lab 8.5.2 | 8.5.2 worksheet | Parallel RLC Circuit Response | |||
| Lab 8.5.3 | 8.5.3 worksheet | RLC Circuit Response | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 8 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 8 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 9: Introduction to State Variable Models
| Chapter 9 text | In this chapter, we will provide a very brief introduction to the topic of state variable modeling. The brief presentation provided here is intended simply to introduce the reader to the basic concepts of state variable models, since they are a natural - and relatively painless - extension of the analysis approach we have used in Chapters 7 and 8. | ||||
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| Lecture 24 video | Lecture 24 slides | Introduction to state-variable modeling, simulating system response using MATLAB® | |||
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| Lab 9 video 1 | State Variable Models: The step response of the state variables of a
series RLC circuit are measured. The measurements are compared to the simulated response
obtained by using MATLAB®. |
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| Lab 9.3.1 | 9.3.1 worksheet | State Variable Model of Series RLC Circuits | |||
| Lab 9.3.2 | 9.3.2 worksheet | Second Order Circuit Response | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 9 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 9 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 10: Steady-state Sinusoidal Analysis
| Chapter 10 text | In this chapter we will study dynamic systems which are subjected to sinusoidal forcing functions. | ||||
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| Lecture 25 video | Lecture 25 slides | Introduction to steady-state sinusoidal analysis, system response to complex units, phasor representation of sinusoids | |||
| Lecture 26 video | Lecture 26 slides | Phasor diagrams, phasor representations of circuit elements | |||
| Lecture 27 video | Lecture 27 slides | Impedance and admittance, steady-state sinusoidal analysis | |||
| Lecture 28 video | Lecture 28 slides | Frequency domain system characterization, frequency response | |||
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| Lab 10 video 1 | Measuring Gain & Phase: Measuring steady-state sinusoidal responses of circuits and estimating gain and phase differences between sinusoidal signals. | ||||
| Lab 10 video 2 | Impedance Measurement: Gain and phase measurement in terms of
impedance. |
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| Lab 10.4.1 | 10.4.1 worksheet | Impedance | |||
| Lab 10.6.1 | 10.6.1 worksheet | Passive RL Circuit Response | |||
| Lab 10.6.2 | 10.6.2 worksheet | Passive RC Circuit Response | |||
| Lab 10.6.3 | 10.6.3 worksheet | Inverting Voltage Amplifier | |||
| Lab 10.6.4 | 10.6.4 worksheet | Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 10 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 10 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 11: Frequency Response and Filtering
| Chapter 11 text | In this chapter we discuss representation of signals in terms of their frequency content. We will also represent the frequency content of the input and output signals and the frequency response of the system in graphical format. This leads us to think in terms of using a system to create a signal with a desired frequency content - this process is called filtering. | ||||
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| Lecture 29 video | Lecture 29 slides | Frequency response examples, frequency response plots & signal spectra, filters | |||
| Lecture 30 video | Lecture 30 slides | Checking frequency response results, time-to-frequency domain relations for first-order filters, Bode plots | |||
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| Lab 11 video 1 | Introduction to Frequency Response: Using frequency response to estimate a circuit's behavior. A low-pass filter is used as an example to filter noise out of a sinusoidal signal. | ||||
| Lab 11 video 2 | Practical Filters: Examples of low-pass filters are presented. The properties of passive vs. active filters are compared, especially relative to the effects of applying a "load" to the filter. | ||||
| Lab 11 video 3 | Bode Plots: Bode plots and their creation using the Analog Discovery
Network Analyzer. |
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| Lab 11.2.1 | 11.2.1 worksheet | Signals with Multiple Frequency Components | |||
| Lab 11.3.1 | 11.3.1 worksheet | Passive RL Filter | |||
| Lab 11.3.2 | 11.3.2 worksheet | Passive RC Filter | |||
| Lab 11.3.3 | 11.3.3 worksheet | Active Low Pass Filte | |||
| Lab 11.3.4 | 11.3.4 worksheet | Signal Conditioning - Audio Application | |||
| Lab 11.3.5 | 11.3.5 worksheet | Signal Conditioning - Vibration Measurement | |||
| Lab 11.4.1 | 11.4.1 worksheet | Passive Low Pass Filter | |||
| Lab 11.4.2 | 11.4.2 worksheet | Non-inverting Low Pass Filter | |||
| Lab 11.4.3 | 11.4.3 worksheet | Non-inverting Low Pass Filter | |||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 11 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 11 homework problems | ||||
Chapter 12: Steady-State Sinusoidal Power
| Chapter 12 text | In this chapter we will address the issue of power transmission via sinusoidal (or AC) signals. This topic is extremely important, since the vast majority of power transmission in the world is performed using AC voltages and currents. | ||||
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| Lecture 31 video | Lecture 31 slides | Sinusoidal steady-state power, instantaneous & average power, reactive power, complex power, power factor | |||
| Lecture 32 video | Lecture 32 slides | Review: AC power analysis (average & complex power, power triangles, RMS values, power factor), power factor correction | |||
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| Lab 12 video 1 | AC Power & Power Factor: An example of the role of power factor in the
transmission of AC power. Power factor correction is used to improve the efficiency of power
transmission. |
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| Lab 12.4.1 | Apparent Power and Power Factor | ||||
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| Exercise Solutions | Chapter 12 exercise solutions | ||||
| Homework | Chapter 12 homework problems | ||||